A–Z

O

71 words and 255 other names, in italics, pointing to their entries.

o1 → OpenAI o1
o1 pro → OpenAI o1
o1-mini → OpenAI o1
o1-preview → OpenAI o1
o3 → OpenAI o3
o3-mini → OpenAI o3
o3-pro → OpenAI o3
o4-mini → OpenAI o3
OBB → bounding box
obfuscated gradients → gradient masking
object detection
object detector → object detection
object keypoint similarity → keypoint detection
object query → DETR
object segmentation → instance segmentation
object tracking
objective → objective function
objective function
objective gaming → specification gaming
objective misgeneralization → goal misgeneralization
objective robustness failure → goal misgeneralization
oblivious tree → CatBoost
observation → example
observed significance level → p-value
Occam's razor
occlusion → occlusion sensitivity
occlusion analysis → occlusion sensitivity
occlusion map → occlusion sensitivity
occlusion sensitivity
occupancy grid
occupancy grid map → occupancy grid
occupancy map → occupancy grid
occupancy network → occupancy grid
occupational exposure to AI → task exposure
occurs check → unification
Ockham's razor → Occam's razor
OCR → optical character recognition
OctoMap → occupancy grid
octopus argument → octopus test
octopus test
octopus thought experiment → octopus test
ODD → operational design domain
ODE-Net → neural ordinary differential equation
odometry
OECD AI Principles
OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence → OECD AI Principles
OECD Recommendation on Artificial Intelligence → OECD AI Principles
off switch → kill switch
offensive AI → AI-enabled cyberattack
Office Assistant → Clippy
Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission → Cyberspace Administration of China
offline inference → batch inference
offline preference optimization → direct alignment algorithm
offline reinforcement learning
offline RL → offline reinforcement learning
offload → offloading
offloading
off-policy
off-policy evaluation → off-policy
off-policy learning → off-policy
off-switch game
off-switch problem → shutdown problem
off-the-shelf features → feature extraction
Okapi BM25 → BM25
OKS → keypoint detection
Chris Olah
Oleksii Ivakhnenko → Alexey Ivakhnenko
Oliver G. Selfridge → Oliver Selfridge
Oliver Gordon Selfridge → Oliver Selfridge
Ollama
OLS → ordinary least squares
OMCS → ConceptNet
omni model → multimodal large language model
Omohundro drives → basic AI drives
Steve Omohundro
on-chip governance mechanism → on-chip governance mechanisms
on-chip governance mechanisms
on-chip SRAM → SRAM
on-demand retrieval → just-in-time retrieval
on-device AI
on-device inference → on-device AI
on-device machine learning → on-device AI
one-against-all → one-vs-rest
one-class SVM → support vector machine
one-hot → one-hot encoding
one-hot encoding
one-hot vector → one-hot encoding
one-of-K encoding → one-hot encoding
one-shot
one-shot it → one-shot
one-shot learning → few-shot learning
one-shot prompting → few-shot prompting
one-shotted → one-shot
one-shotting → one-shot
one-stage detector → object detection
one-vs-all → one-vs-rest
one-vs-one → one-vs-rest
one-vs-rest
Online Compliance Intervention → Robodebt
online controlled experiment → A/B testing
online convex optimization → online learning
online learning
online machine learning → online learning
online–offline skew → training–serving skew
ONNX
ONNX format → ONNX
ONNX Runtime → ONNX
O-notation → big O notation
on-policy
on-policy distillation
on-policy KD → on-policy distillation
on-policy learning → on-policy
ontological crises → ontological crisis
ontological crisis
ontological shift → ontological crisis
ontologies → ontology
ontology
ontology engineering → knowledge engineering
ontology identification problem → ontological crisis
OOB → bagging
OOD → out-of-distribution
OOD detection → out-of-distribution
OOD generalization → out-of-distribution
OOV → vocabulary
op fusion → kernel fusion
opacity → black box
Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence
Open Mind Common Sense → ConceptNet
open model → open-weight model
Open Neural Network Exchange → ONNX
Open Phil → Open Philanthropy
Open Philanthropy
Open Philanthropy Project → Open Philanthropy
Open Source AI Definition → open-source AI
Open Source Definition → Open Source Initiative
Open Source Initiative
open weights → open-weight model
Open X-Embodiment
Open X-Embodiment dataset → Open X-Embodiment
OpenAI
OpenAI API compatibility → OpenAI-compatible API
OpenAI board crisis → OpenAI leadership crisis (2023)
OpenAI Codex → Codex
OpenAI Five
OpenAI Foundation → OpenAI
OpenAI Group PBC → OpenAI
OpenAI Gym → Gymnasium
OpenAI, Inc. → OpenAI
OpenAI leadership crisis (2023)
OpenAI LP → OpenAI
OpenAI o1
OpenAI o3
OpenAI Preparedness Framework → Preparedness Framework
OpenAI Triton → Triton
OpenAI-compatible API
OpenAI-compatible endpoint → OpenAI-compatible API
OpenClaw
OpenCLIP → CLIP
OpenCyc → Cyc
OpenDiLoCo → DiLoCo
open-domain question answering → question answering
open-ended → open-endedness
open-ended AI → open-endedness
open-ended evolution → open-endedness
open-ended learning → open-endedness
open-endedness
openpi → π0
OpenPose → pose estimation
OpenRAIL → model license
OpenReview
OpenReview.net → OpenReview
open-set detection → open-vocabulary detection
open-source AI
open-source model → open-source AI
open-vocabulary detection
open-vocabulary object detection → open-vocabulary detection
open-washing → open-source AI
openwashing → open-source AI
OpenWebText → WebText
open-weight model
open-weights model → open-weight model
open-world assumption → closed-world assumption
OpenXLA → XLA
operating design domain → operational design domain
operating point → decision threshold
operational design domain
operational intensity → arithmetic intensity
operator → provider and deployer
operator fusion → kernel fusion
operator learning → neural operator
opinion mining → sentiment analysis
OPQ → product quantization
OPRO → prompt optimization
opset → ONNX
Optax → JAX
optic flow → optical flow
optical character recognition
optical computing → photonic computing
optical flow
optical neural network → photonic computing
OPTICS → DBSCAN
optimal Bayes error → Bayes error rate
optimal control
optimal control theory → optimal control
optimal transport → Wasserstein distance
optimal transport distance → Wasserstein distance
optimisation → optimization
optimiser → optimizer
optimism in the face of uncertainty → upper confidence bound
optimization
optimization algorithm → optimizer
optimization daemon → mesa-optimization
optimization landscape → loss landscape
optimize → optimization
optimized product quantization → product quantization
optimizer
optimizer state → optimizer
optimizer step → training step
optimizing for engagement → engagement optimization
Optimus → Tesla
options framework → hierarchical reinforcement learning
opt-out
OPTQ → GPTQ
oracle → oracle AI
oracle AI
ORB → scale-invariant feature transform
orbital compute → orbital data center
orbital data center
orchestrate → orchestration
orchestration
orchestration framework → agent framework
orchestrator → orchestration
orchestrator–worker pattern
orchestrator-workers → orchestrator–worker pattern
Toby Ord
ordered boosting → CatBoost
ordered target statistics → CatBoost
ordinary least squares
oriented bounding box → bounding box
original intentionality → intentionality
ORM → outcome reward model
orthogonal → orthogonality
orthogonal initialization → weight initialization
orthogonal matrix → orthogonality
orthogonality
orthogonality thesis
orthogonalization → orthogonality
orthonormal → orthogonality
OS agent → GUI agent
OSAID → open-source AI
OSD → Open Source Initiative
OSI → Open Source Initiative
OSI-approved license → Open Source Initiative
OSWorld
OSWorld-Verified → OSWorld
Othello-GPT
OthelloGPT → Othello-GPT
other minds problem → problem of other minds
Otto's notebook → extended mind
outcome homogenization → homogenization
outcome reward model
outcome supervision
outcome verifier → outcome reward model
outcome-based feedback → outcome supervision
outcome-based supervision → outcome supervision
outcome-based training → outcome supervision
outcome-supervised reward model → outcome reward model
outer alignment
outer alignment problem → outer alignment
outer misalignment → outer alignment
outlier detection → anomaly detection
out-of-bag error → bagging
out-of-bag estimate → bagging
out-of-distribution
out-of-sample performance → generalization
out-of-vocabulary → vocabulary
outpainting → inpainting
output channel → feature map
output classifier → safety classifier
output embedding → unembedding
output speed → tokens per second
output throughput → throughput
output-centric safety training → safe completion
output-value circuit → QK and OV circuits
OV circuit → QK and OV circuits
OvA → one-vs-rest
OVD → open-vocabulary detection
overconfidence → calibration
over-conservativeness → over-refusal
overfit → overfitting
overfitted → overfitting
overfitting
over-fitting → overfitting
overflow → numerical stability
overhang → compute overhang
overoptimization → reward overoptimization
overparameterization
over-parameterization → overparameterization
overparameterized model → overparameterization
overparametrization → overparameterization
over-permissioned agent → excessive agency
over-refusal
overrefusal → over-refusal
overreliance
over-reliance → overreliance
oversampling → class imbalance
overthink → overthinking
overthinking
overtrained model → overtraining
overtraining
over-training → overtraining
overtrust → overreliance
OvO → one-vs-rest
OvR → one-vs-rest
OWA → closed-world assumption
OWASP GenAI LLM Top 10 → OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications
OWASP GenAI Security Project → OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications
OWASP LLM Top 10 → OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications
OWASP Top 10 for Large Language Model Applications → OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications
OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications
OWL → Web Ontology Language
OWL 2 → Web Ontology Language
OWL DL → Web Ontology Language
OWL Full → Web Ontology Language
OWL-ViT → open-vocabulary detection
OXE → Open X-Embodiment