IBM Research

IBM's corporate research arm, run from its Thomas J. Watson Research Center north of New York City and from laboratories on several continents. IBM work runs through the history of AI: Arthur Samuel's self-improving checkers program, described in his 1959 paper that popularized the phrase 'machine learning'; Nathaniel Rochester's co-organization of the Dartmouth workshopDartmouth workshop, prop. n.: A summer meeting of scientists at Dartmouth College in 1956, planned in a 1955 funding proposal that first used the phrase 'artificial intelligence'. Most histories treat it as the moment AI became a research field of its own. (1956); the statistical approach to speech recognition and machine translationmachine translation, n.: Software that renders writing or speech in one language into another language, as online translation services and phone translation apps do. developed by Frederick Jelinek's group, whose 'IBM models' (early 1990s) founded statistical translation; Deep BlueDeep Blue, prop. n.: IBM's chess computer that beat world champion Garry Kasparov in 1997, the first time a machine defeated a reigning world champion in a match under standard tournament conditions., which defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997; and IBM WatsonIBM Watson, prop. n.: An IBM question-answering computer that beat two champions of the US quiz show Jeopardy! in 2011. IBM then sold business AI products under the Watson name, many of which disappointed., which won the quiz show Jeopardy! in 2011 but struggled as a commercial health-care product. Its Granite family of language models for business use, introduced in 2023, has been released as open weightsopen-weight model, n.: An AI model whose trained internal numbers are published for anyone to download and run on their own computers, even if the data and code used to make it stay private. since 2024.