Executive Order 14110
In plain wordsA sweeping 2023 order by US President Joe Biden that told federal agencies how to manage AI risks and required makers of the largest AI models to report their safety tests to the government. It was revoked in 2025.
A US presidential order, 'Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence', signed by Joe Biden on October 30, 2023, that set out the federal government's first comprehensive AI policy. Invoking the Defense Production Act, it required developers of dual-use foundation modelsdual-use foundation model, n.: A US legal term for a general-purpose AI model that serves everyday uses but is capable enough that it could help someone build weapons, mount cyberattacks or evade human control. trained with more than 10²⁶ operations (10²³ for models trained mainly on biological sequence data) to report training plans, red-teamred teaming, n.: Deliberately attacking your own AI system — trying to make it misbehave, leak secrets or help with harm — so that weaknesses are found before real adversaries or users find them. results and the protection of their model weightsweights, n.: The learned numbers inside a neural network that set how strongly each part influences the next. The finished set of weights is, in effect, the trained model itself. to the Commerce Department, and owners of very large computing clusters to report their location and capacity. It directed NIST to write evaluation and red-teaming guidance, which led to the US AI Safety InstituteAI Safety Institute, n.: A government agency that tests the most advanced AI models for dangerous abilities and studies how to make them safe. Britain and the United States set up the first ones in 2023.; ordered know-your-customerknow-your-customer for compute, n.: Rules that would make cloud companies check who their customers are before renting them enough computing power to train a large AI model, much as banks must verify who opens an account. rules for cloud providers serving foreign customers; called for work on content authentication, screening of DNA synthesis, civil rights and agencies' own use of AI; and launched the National AI Research ResourceNational AI Research Resource, prop. n.: A US program to give university researchers, students and small companies shared access to the costly computers, data and AI models that are otherwise mostly available to big technology firms. pilot. President Donald Trump revoked it on January 20, 2025.
Under Executive Order 14110, labs had to tell Commerce about any training run above 10²⁶ operations.
Origin
Signed on October 30, 2023, two days before the UK's AI Safety SummitAI Safety Summit, prop. n.: A series of international meetings of governments, AI companies and researchers, begun in England in 2023, to agree on how to handle the risks and benefits of the most advanced AI. at Bletchley Park, following voluntary safety commitments the White House had obtained from leading AI companies in July 2023. It was revoked by Executive Order 14148 on January 20, 2025; Executive Order 14179 (January 23, 2025) then ordered a review of every action taken under it and a new AI action planAmerica's AI Action Plan, prop. n.: The Trump administration's 2025 strategy for winning a global AI race: cutting regulation, building data centers and power plants quickly, and exporting American AI technology to allies..
Usage note
Several creations of the order outlived it in altered form: the AI Safety Institute was recast as the Center for AI Standards and InnovationCenter for AI Standards and Innovation, prop. n.: The US government's AI testing and standards center, part of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. It evaluates advanced AI models, American and foreign, for national-security risks and works with companies on voluntary testing. in 2025, and the NAIRR pilot continued. Its reporting duties lapsed with it; the Commerce rule proposed in September 2024 to put them on a permanent footing had not been finalized when the order was revoked.
Related
- dual-use foundation modeldual-use foundation model, n.: A US legal term for a general-purpose AI model that serves everyday uses but is capable enough that it could help someone build weapons, mount cyberattacks or evade human control.
- compute thresholdcompute threshold, n.: A legal cutoff based on how much computation was used to train an AI model. Models trained with more than that amount face extra rules, on the theory that bigger training runs produce more capable models.
- AI Safety InstituteAI Safety Institute, n.: A government agency that tests the most advanced AI models for dangerous abilities and studies how to make them safe. Britain and the United States set up the first ones in 2023.
- Center for AI Standards and InnovationCenter for AI Standards and Innovation, prop. n.: The US government's AI testing and standards center, part of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. It evaluates advanced AI models, American and foreign, for national-security risks and works with companies on voluntary testing.
- America's AI Action PlanAmerica's AI Action Plan, prop. n.: The Trump administration's 2025 strategy for winning a global AI race: cutting regulation, building data centers and power plants quickly, and exporting American AI technology to allies.
- Blueprint for an AI Bill of RightsBlueprint for an AI Bill of Rights, prop. n.: A 2022 White House document listing five protections Americans should have when automated systems affect their lives — safety, fairness, privacy, explanation and a human alternative. It was guidance, not law.
- know-your-customer for computeknow-your-customer for compute, n.: Rules that would make cloud companies check who their customers are before renting them enough computing power to train a large AI model, much as banks must verify who opens an account.
- America's AI Action PlanAmerica's AI Action Plan, prop. n.: The Trump administration's 2025 strategy for winning a global AI race: cutting regulation, building data centers and power plants quickly, and exporting American AI technology to allies.
Sources
- Executive Order 14110 of October 30, 2023: Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence. Federal Register 88: 75191.
Defined in law or standards
Executive Order 14110, 88 Fed. Reg. 75191 (November 1, 2023); revoked by Executive Order 14148 (January 20, 2025)
Mentioned in
America's AI Action PlanAmerica's AI Action Plan, prop. n.: The Trump administration's 2025 strategy for winning a global AI race: cutting regulation, building data centers and power plants quickly, and exporting American AI technology to allies., FLOPFLOP, n.: A single arithmetic step, such as multiplying or adding two numbers. Counting them measures how much computing went into an AI model, and laws use such counts to decide which models face extra rules., Blueprint for an AI Bill of RightsBlueprint for an AI Bill of Rights, prop. n.: A 2022 White House document listing five protections Americans should have when automated systems affect their lives — safety, fairness, privacy, explanation and a human alternative. It was guidance, not law., Center for AI Standards and InnovationCenter for AI Standards and Innovation, prop. n.: The US government's AI testing and standards center, part of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. It evaluates advanced AI models, American and foreign, for national-security risks and works with companies on voluntary testing., compute governancecompute governance, n.: Using control over the computer chips and data centers that AI depends on — who can buy them, where they go, how they are used — as a way to oversee powerful AI., compute thresholdcompute threshold, n.: A legal cutoff based on how much computation was used to train an AI model. Models trained with more than that amount face extra rules, on the theory that bigger training runs produce more capable models., dual-use foundation modeldual-use foundation model, n.: A US legal term for a general-purpose AI model that serves everyday uses but is capable enough that it could help someone build weapons, mount cyberattacks or evade human control., know-your-customer for computeknow-your-customer for compute, n.: Rules that would make cloud companies check who their customers are before renting them enough computing power to train a large AI model, much as banks must verify who opens an account., National AI Research ResourceNational AI Research Resource, prop. n.: A US program to give university researchers, students and small companies shared access to the costly computers, data and AI models that are otherwise mostly available to big technology firms.